Sentience Profile
Mammals and birds
Last reviewed: January 9, 2026
Summary
The scientific mainstream accepts that mammals and birds have the neurological and behavioral capacity for pain and other affective experiences. This is reflected in broad scientific consensus statements and welfare science.
Evidence Summary
- Shared neuroanatomy/physiology and consistent behavioral responses to pain and analgesia. Evidence quality: High Limitations / nuance: Pain expression differs by species; capacity for pain is not in serious doubt for mammals/birds. Bottom line: Denying mammal/bird sentience is inconsistent with mainstream science.
Supporting Evidence
Shared neuroanatomy/physiology and consistent behavioral responses to pain and analgesia support this consensus.
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